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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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S?2ffiz^E5* Nl ^ , Z^=
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« lnl I trill war , at leastw wards , ' - { And —« houlds » y chance to happen—deeds , ) Withallnho war with Thought ! " . 1 think I hear a little bird , who sings top «^ leby-and . byiiriUbethe « tronger . "—Bxbom . ENGLAND AND GERMANY . From the German of Dr List Continued from the « ar . of May loth . )
III . ESGLiaD asd bes Rrviu . —To Great Britain Ofi fallen the solution of the great problem « f reducing oordtr the prevailing chaos ia the affaire of the world , ind to operate anew organisation of the Tarious powers if the world , whereby she notonlj assumes to herself lie leadership of their affairs , bnt also to all other jations and countries of the earth , freedom an 4 cmlisa-Son , peace and prosperity—in a word , moral and material prosress . ' - " ] ,- - ,-,- ¦ The philanthropist ^ to whatever nation he ma ; belong
provided he possess moral and intellectual strength great enoug h to overcome his special national prejudices , must rejoice , far the sake of humanity , that this high calling bas fallen upon a nation which has not her like upon the earth , tthether she be considered in her commercial and indus trial development , or in her capacity for right and justice , for freedom an < l enlightenment . This , at least , is the prevailing opinion of Germany , in . a country which tfonld stand at the head of eTery people of the European continent , were her just demands for free institutions and a national organisation listened to .
Germany looks with repugnance one future supremacy of jforth America , it dreads that of France , amd abhors UiatofBusda , The United States of 2 fforth America , Wring in the same moral and political soil in . which England has grown so j ? eat , possesses beaMes in a Yisch higher degree than England the material elements xX national great , ness . Ii this respect , we meaa thstxtent of their terri : tory . * e calibre oi their nationality tio less exceeds that of GtwS Britain than did the na" 6 anal calibre of Great Bri ^ ra exceed tha t of the um ' ted provinces of the ' UetncrUnd ' sin the seventeenth / century . History shown jo what manner the malry of these two countries ? n " agiai power and tt * Se at last ttrminatedj and this rest&t is not a little -calculated to excite serious ' tippnbension in the miBd of Sogland as to hir fcitoe ¦ fan . ..
She United States ,-whose territory is capiWe « f-s * p . porting hundreds ; of millions of men , and who dot&tes act only their population , tut also their wealth and Jx > wer with every succeeding generation , increase as it ¦ Were in geometrical proportion , while tfce United Sing . ¦ Som , with its Hnfited soil , < ean only increase in arithme ¦ fical propoitioo . It may , therefore , he pretty aeocrately estimated in what decJURinm the United States df North America wiR-stand on a level with England in porar and riches , or w « n » thej will even exceed feer , providedEngland should "be able to discover any new means , and should mate no extraordinary exertions to increase as quickly , or even-more -quickly , than the halted States of North America .
The French , "it nannot be doirfcted , are a brave and highly gSted nation ^ bn t nature : has denies the Gallic race these -qualities which are re ^ mslte'toTaise a natio n to the "highest paint of wealth and power . They excel "neither in agriculture -nor 'manufactures , neither-in trade nor navigation ^ and "they chiefly owe their success in these departmeets ~ to those of their pro . ) vinces -in which the German -spirit is predominant j name }} , "Alsace , "Lorraine , Sormandy . and French Flssders . 'Seres has any amo-unt-oT'proteetion btenj same-lent to advance their mercantue-Sninping and their gea-isheries . "Sever have they been able to succeed in ! founding , civilising , or maintajningigreat'colonies , much . lessca inspiriag them with "their own'life and spirit : They are thus wanting in allibe 'bases of 4 great natal powtr . Their navy a / so has , in alltime , been an art * , fiaeT thing— a sort of mtfe , incapable of propagating i ts kind , anfl , -should it be'lost , oajy -to be replaced-fey ariSctal production and by-tedious cultivation . ' '
To the national deficiencies -we have mentioned , the French-unites degree of love -of glory , and , especiaUj , warlike gloiy , which has ever -made -them , the -willing xnstruments-tffgreat generate . ; 'they even prize national frealam and national wealth , not-so much for the wellbeing they confer on individuals , a « for the advantages they are thence able to derive ffor their rmiliUry power , the'French have never thocght ef-bringtng iuto action the principle of self-government After sixty . years ? of internal -agitation , and external straggles for freedom and national greatness , " the political organization -of France iscafting more than a machine , fashioned and pat together for the purpose of making war in'tfce Esiopeao-continent , and-even their last conquests-in A ' liica-arectSy valued aridiased b y them as an exerctsing-grennd , * to twin np generals and-armita for future conquests on the continent .- ,
-TberFremfihavenever-eeased , -and-never will cease , teentertain a longing fer > the'Khhieas their frontier They -seem -to have gronaSs for it that lie far deeper tkan those-vrhich are openly alleged by them . -If tbs Frenchipossessed Belgiua and Germany as . far as the Rhine , they would find little difficulty , as has already happened once , in conquering Holland and the countries on-the Ems . th- lower Weser , and-the Lower Elbe . Having theteby grafted the most vigorouR part , of the GsmaniciTsee of the continent on theiEoman stock-cf their nationality , they wocid acquire the ¦ qualities tin which -tkey are irantng-for the attainment-of the supremacy of the world , namely , a high degree-of pMdnefivfyeapahUity in sericulture , industry , " and com . merce , anda similar high jdegree of capability'for-the aaraneemertot navigatioc , flourishing colonies ,-ande great maritime power . . . .
Snsna . -ths-. mere agglomeration of a number of mere or less = barberian tribes , owes her growth aad greatness chkfiy to * n absolute power , which is partJy . based en the overflowing civilization afcGermany , and partly on . a war establishment of imoieasnrable extent . As the ; autocracy of this country dispenses with all thoseguaren- ' tees which high grade of ciri&ation , poliUeal-institu- ' tons , and a-sdidnational character' can wafer-upon ., a gotemment , the strength of the ^ Russian government , , snathe safety of the Autocrat , rest entirely , on-the ' bayonets he ihas at his command . Grown great by . the ;
hayonet , Andby spoliation , thispocver can only-njaintain itself ty 4 he > bayonetand spoliation . War , the . greatestf scourge of civilised nations , is there the life-element of flie d ynss ^ , the dream of the nobility , and ihe hopeof all classes ' < £ the : paople , because . uc--one has anything to losefryit , and-all-can only gain . "The rude agriculture of this ceantry . edald not but ibe-influenced by the ex . * ample of German agriculture , -so thai how ' the Russian population increases yearly in an aaonnt . of stity-suc millions , bj-one-und one-third so 1 £ ^ per cent , and tiiere- ' with the camber -sf disposable reesaits , by 40 , 088 or 50 . 0 W yearly . . - ";
In the position and nnder the circumstances in whiah ' Sassia at thfe s » ment finds herself , . fie ruler of tius country U compelled do play the part of JPhilip of Maee-¦ doaia towardsEorope , and of his son Alexander towards Asx . ..... ' * . " " - " - * . ¦;• •* r - * . * . - -: ' ¦ • Itis seaicely snlijeet to a donbt that the German Titc-js e . « pecia % -destined hy Providence , from their Tiatjireauu their diaracter , tothesoloMon-of the : great « asfeof leading tfee affaire of the world , , oWIizing wild snd-fc £ rhirian couatries , and peoplinsjthe still nnin-Sabitea . because nestherof ike other . two possesses the qta ] ity « fenngratinffjh large masses to foreign shores , there , 1 c found new And more' perfect cosmunitics by Deans of the gifts of ssK-givernment , ' the exercise of thek-awa laws , and the voluntary maintenaaoe of order , and these ^ y . to hold tiiemselMS free from the influence of barbaric and half-bartaric aborigines ; as for icstance it is wejl ^ cnoun that toe JBreach and Spaniards' are everywhere more apt to adopt . the rude manners of the savage tribs among which they are thrown , than to raise them to then : own point of cultivation ' ' ¦ '¦ : " .
. France acfi Russia are , therefore , ahread y ' attcasted towards one acsther by the f « eliiigif the insuffideoey of their respective iaatural qualitias , which are only to he compensated by swallowing op the continental part < ol ¦ the Germanicrace . ¦ - * '• ' ' Ffance . on her site , feels her weataefs in the seas 36 snpek as Eoglandfeelcher predominaBce , As , therefore , ? racte cau j ^ no C 3 ^ entertain the hope of overcoming inglacd on the sea , or even of only presemng the fleets in&ostile encounter wifi flte English , her * hief designs miattw directed to an israsioa of Ireland . * - * • ' ¦ _ . « ¦ - - ; 4 . ; . - _ Afchnngh the ' self-deccptwn of the French «« to their own strength and condition , and as to those of Sogland , wonldscareely ever go so far « s to lead than to cherish a hope of taeaWng the strengife of England oa he > own ground and tail , yet certainl y their hope ofmai ^ ially weakening the power of Great Britain b y . an invasion of Ireland , is oot sitboat foundation . - ' - .
The English casnot at the same time stand oh * ndi watch along their whole coast , and pursue cominerceanS nantxfacturrs . also , cad such a disturbance of England in her peaceful progress internally , and , in the plans she has to carry cmt in Asia and Africa , were of itself loss enough . At least England would suffer the great injury of beingthencefbrQi unable to keep equal strides with the growth of Xorth Ameriw . * * .- , •• - . '' However powerful maybe theioflaence of the Govern . Rent and middle classes of France at the present moment , for the maiitcnancs of peaee—however sincere andinflQgngjj jjjgy be the friendly dispositions of the chief members of both dynasties towards one another , no clear-sighted politician will trust thoie . motms and tt « e dispositions , and believe that they possess power enongh to change the whole national character of the « eneh — that they are in a position to quench burning *™ wt for military glory , and to arrest that striving after pnptrallded national greatness , to which theFrenchhave » aD ages sacrificed everything . .
Kow indeed , at regards maritime power and colonial ^ qaisitions , the future seeas to conceal no special sne **«¦ bnt onl y humiliation for the French . For . ifEng-^ a should really carry into effc-ctthoiei gigantic plans , Ojchsheis now , by the Uw or self-preservation , com-P « led to pntforward , asregardg Earope and Africa , she r ™ » a * the course of the next tea yeara , increase in-^>« l y more in riches and power " thaji she has i& the ratten jew WWe the Izeaek , byTrarriigonthe
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ifric ^ nEmir , aria * tiy " colonial ^ acqnUitioni [ like 1 thatVf thellarquesas , wiUra , ther be weakened , than strength , aned . But allow that she maintain herself in her present position ,: itBtnstba remembered that in our dajs in matters of international power , " to standstill ? is equiialent , in signification , with " retrogression . ? France will , therefore , in relation to England , link more and more into Insignificance ; and under , such circumstances it is more than / denhiful , that a nation so warlike , and with such a thirst for , glory , as Jhe Frenchj wiliiongbe withheld by the Parliamentary Lectures of M . Guirbt and his disciBles , ftom carrying out the idea of U . Thiers of compensating itself by continental conqnests ^ for theill fortune ofFrance at sea ani beyond the sea ' . ' i '; ; ' . gg ; .
: Weighing all . these circumstances well , it is extremely probable ttat the FreEch , in time , will , « ith their whole heart , form an alliance with Russia , against Germany , and that she wUt willingly grant every concession to the former country that can reasonably be expected , in the pleasing hope that—provided that Belgium , Holland , and the countneB on the lower . Rhine ^ . nn . the Ems , Uie Lowtr Weser , and the lower Elbe ' be . first gallicised—France can then soon get done with the Rus . siansalso . i ¦ -.: ¦ . ¦¦ s
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MOVEMENTSi ^ OF THE MeK . .. .-T 7 ' "Uneasy lies the head that-wears a crown , " as no one better knows than the King of the Bourr geciste , our old friend Louis Philippe . In the course of the past week plots have been discovered , and arrests have taken piace of parties differing wide as the poles asunder , —Legitimists and Democrats . "Persons of distfection , " hankerers after the restomion of thetSght divine , and the enthronement trfthekingdomkss "Henri V ., " have , been caught ix the toils of Louis Philippe ' s " ministeringangrfs " —the police , * nd transferred from their luxurious
homes to " ifiurance vile . " Va the other band , certain parties charged with having fabricate ^ conveyed and eccumulated . certain ugly-looking oembiistibles , and said to be mentbere of a secret association , ' have been dragged to dungeons , charged with some ' awful dmspitacy agaiast the peace and "dignity of the hoary old traitor of the Barricades , the precise fects of both - "discoveries" « e carefully sliroaded by the polk 3 e , as is their wont , for thepurpose-of frightening tbe ^ shopocracy , anfi rallying the f friends of order , " One thing is ipretty clear , Loeis Philippe is k a sweat . Some two thousand Iroqps hardly suffice to guard him tstthis chateaux at Nouillyi Clearly s&e old hypocrite shakes in his
shoes . In the fonrine riots at Iiisle and other pieces the people i have raised shouts very annoying to . the King of the "Three Days . " Some are said « to have shouted •"' Vive la Repi&Tigue , " and , soinej "' Vive Henri VJl" it is very ^ certain that , none ! Shouted " "Vive Iniuis Philippe' ! " " no one cried « Godsavehim 3 " ; , ; . ; .. A SlinisteriEl-crisis is impending in Spun ,- and ! some mysterious reports have been current . ef at- tempts to shoot Isabella , iin the neighbGuring kingdom , aceording to the latest acconuts ^ the Oporto Juntaiave refused tbcterms dictated by the British Government . Quite "right . Shame nipqa our Government for playing ' the bully in "behalf-o the justly detested Queen !
The working classes in sevaral of theiprovirices of Prussia are in a state of frightful destitution . ; Ib Silesia ( the ^ Lancashire of Trussia ) " order"is ; 8 t an ei d , and-the "laws" are openly deled by " the people , driwn by famine ^ o'desperation . 'Our " ^ lesia" appears tobeborderhgupon . the-same stats of things . ; ' .- !'• Deathto the Austrians = and the Jesuits' ! " = and ' \ Long lhreiPius IX . ! " arefhe cries ringing through Italy . - More power to " Ks holiness : " TheOtto r man Government has refused to any longer recpg : nise the "Greek Sag , prohibited the coast trade , and taken other measures detrimental > to Greek corn ^ merce . Perhaps this course may bring Monsieur Colletti and'his booby master to their senses . '
Up to Thursday evening : we have no later news of events in Mexico , but » n : another celumn will be found a notioeof a" glorious victory" gained'by the 11 NationalSeformers" at ; fhe recentHanicipiVEfeGtionintheci ^ r of NewTori . - - ¦ '
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d Vt . h T ^ '" ^™ 8 "«^^^ ^ 5 » % !!^^ F ? . . » d " made a geiEare ' of some important pipers , which ; exp ' ose 4 some ainuter intentionron the part of We Carlists . The story told wag , that the police Had seized a portmanteau fall of papere / which had been placed by the MarquUde Pastoret . ' ohe of the leaders 6 f the legitimate party , in "the ciiBtbdy' -of ; a young lady with whomhe was ^ OB termB of great inlimacy . This modei ' n Delila , it appears ; quarrelled with the 'gentleman , and to be'revehgedgave' information to the police of the dangerous deposit with which she had .. . == g == ^ == . . ... ====
beeflentruBted ; ThepoUceiinmeaiatelytookadvantage of the hint , and'the consequence Was the discovery of a vast quantity of documents and letters ; which haver laced the Government on the scent of several complots , some of which have already failed / while others Were not yet come to maturity , and the ' object of all of which was the restoration' of-Henry V . to the throne of bis ancestors . It was reported that no Ipss-than fifteen persons ' had been arrested in the course of Tuesday morning , iri' conseijuence of the seizure , and that several of them were persons oi consquence , from their rankand position . ' '" ¦ ¦?
.:...... ^ -, » .-. -PORTUGAL ; ^> " «« ; ' Maoeiba has declared for the national cause ; At two o ' clock on the morning 6 t the 29 th ult . the inhabitants of Funchal were roused from their slumber by the galloping of four pieces of artillery through the streotei accompanied by' the troops of the 4 th and 11 th regiments , proclaiming , by'loud ' wVasi the constitution of 1820 , and the sovereign junta of Oporto . Colonel Guerra and Don Olavo •< hnve been ' declared military and civil governors . They immediately sent to Oporto about thirty contos of reis ( £ 6 , 500 ) . The island of Terceira has-also declared against the Queen , pronouncing in favour of the Oporto Junta . ¦ . The ; brig ^ Ave , ' arrived at Lisbon' - from' Angola , brings intelligence of thes arrival of the prisoners of TorreB Vedras in those sickly regionsVwhich cruelty , it appears , determined the inhabitants of Angola to pronounce in favour of the * Oporto" Junta . declaring two of the exiles , Counts Bomfim and Villa Real , their military and civil governors . ! r : ' ' •'
.: ; ' - ¦¦ ¦¦ ¦ SWITZERLAND . ' Geneva , May 12 —The liberal cause in Switzerland i < triumphant , the Canton of St . Gall having returned liberal member ' s , 4 > h the occasion , of the renewal of its grand council . . The news of this victory over . the Jesuits , who are in great streng l thin . that particular canton , was received in all the radical ' . cantons with dem 6 hBtration 8 of extreme joy . " i" '• .-' ¦ ¦; ;; . ; : germani . - ; . ;; . ; ::: , . ; : ¦ A letter from Breslau says : ' J Our , situation is a most deplorable one , and the future is anything but promising . Incendiary fires , liousts broken into at ni « ht , and highway robberies are the current topics of the day . Misery"has reached such an extent is some of the provinces that it is not an unusual
occurrence to see troops of starving beings hurrying to any scene '« f conflagration to ' devour oa . the . spot the cattle that perish in ; the flomesl In the fields the potatoes and peas which hayebeen sown are dug up . ; and it niakes one shudder to think of what . inay ocnrr before the next . harvest . The manufacturers are ooliged to turn off their hand ? , and thisiucreasps the aniversal misery and . danger . The news that onc « f the principal manufacturers was about ' to dismiss 1 , 500 workmen , created such an . alarm that the president of the province deemed it necessary to pro-• ceed to the spot to concert measures of public
secu-* , Siluu ; Mat 7 .-: Eyerv day within . the lust week there has been a repetition of riote and disturbances in every to wa along the mountain chain . The populace attack the waggons laden with bread and ,. corn going to market , compel the owners to sell these artules at a price which the rioters themselves fix , and if the slightest hesitation is evinced , or the least resistance made , - the waggons are plundered , and every article ^ . fowl cleared off in the course of a few minutes . ~ fhe pricesof corn rise from week , to week , and speculators are . driving prices as , high as they can , whic ^ Haturallyesasperates the ,, populace siill more . Added to all this , the cotton spinning in the mountains isat a stand-still ; ., the , stopping of one house alone has thrown liSOP . weavers out { ot employ . ¦ ; Cosel , MArT- ^ WegrievetbTstate that the . articles Of COilSUmotidn Which' WBii in h » r « tioon » t .
pt Vu oa S wc . ^ . ma * et yesterday , were violently seized by the ^ mob ; the > ellers were either : robbed ot all or part of their stock : , about fifty , of tue . rioters were taken into ctistody .: , ' - ' : -r ' ••; ¦ - ' ¦ - . . ; . •;> ••¦ ¦ . . ¦ ' v .: m . ¦ -: ! ITALY " ' ' " " ' '" ' ' ' " ' ' "Romb , May 8 ^ 0 n Wedhesday ; the ' 5 th' ; being tne'fcast of St Pius , wliose best , achievement < his bringing about the battle of Lepanto ) once rescued thesontn of-Europe ; great doings were planned to honour the name in the person of ita present possessor , whe bids fair to effect a similar EuroBean
rescue . Hearing of thess pnjecfcs ( for strict orders are issued to inform him of twery matter ) our monarch at once intimate ' d his wish that the waste of blue lights and Roman candles tkpuld be superseded by a general distribution of bread : To wish is to be obeyed . ^ Sixty centlemen met iinmeaiately at the IJona palace ,-organised themselves for a combined ftfort among the affluehtVirid ' collected seven thousand dollars ; Sixty thousand bread tickets ' were put in circulation . The remnant is kept to establish an infant school . '' "• - ¦ -
On the 6 tia seizure was made of , eighty pounds * , weight of printed satires against' the Pope , entitled Lafesta delle SpigM MunJiaMiio in Pittoia . ;" also another , called "Ariicold telsudo . gl sopraU coseitalidne . " These ; it appears , were written by the ^ otorionstnonk Domenico Ambrosiani , and ' the packagecmtaining them wasaddressed ' tothe Abbate Don ( x . TambHrinL v Both these gentlemen have absconded . .. ,, u ¦> .. , » . v _ At Pisa , ontheSth , a demonstration was made in favour of the Pope , on the oceas'on of the funeral of Professor Cariiignani , a man of great learning , but belonging to the retrpgradeparty ., The students of the University and about 3 , < W 0 inhabitants of 4 he town traversed . the streets , preceded by a banner bearing these words . ' " . Ttva Pius IX . ! " and crying , " Wwatheindependence pMtaly ; thftlibertyof the press ; and . death . to , the Austrians and Jesuits ]" JNo disturbances , however , occurred ., . .-,..- ¦ •¦ . -x-- _ ,
Tdscast . —A law was promu / gated on the Jth inst . -establishing the liberty of the preBs in the Tuscan states , under certain prescribed cpnditionBand regullatwns . This law , which" consists of forty articles , eras published and posted up in all quarters of Florence on the 7 th . . Nothing could exceedthe entiuBiasmmanifestedby the people of Florence on the announcement of thisordonnance . More than three thousand persons collected round the palace , attering exclamations favourable to the ' duke / and h » s nmily . The ' grand duke being . then absent , : his dKJhess ' and children presented themselves opon ; the balcony ; andreceiyed the salutations of tie people . ¦' :, : v :,.. „ ¦ ' EDssiA ., ; . ' : ¦ .,:,., Z-A-- • . Sr ?* TERSBDKGH ; May ^ 5 . —Official intimatien was RHP * ; yesterday . that , . the marriage of ; the-Grand Prince Kohstantm Nikolajewitch with the . Prineess Aleiandra of ; Sachsen Altenburg took place ' oa the 26 th ^ of April . ' , ' , . ' . . ' ,
_ ThetGehnati Journal ' cf Frankfort- ' states from &i Petersburg that the Emperor . has recently dismissed seyeralmigh'functionaries . for . corruption ,, or other miscon ^ act in office , and that thecensbrslup permits the pnbjisations of works , ' and , the performance of pieces at . the theatr . s , in which . tlie abugeg of the policeaincJawcouru ' areexpoBe ' dJ (?) . " . ' , . " ,. "' : ' .,.. ¦ - ' .... 'I --W—MMI ^^ LUII * '" ¦ ' : " I : ' 1 : ¦ ' -
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, . HOUSE OP , LORD 5 . ^ PObu 6 GEAMAB « B . -The Earl otjjf i . CHiME * called the attention of the government tothe eipedlenoy ofjestabuahlng . publio granarieufiin thlg 9 , ° » 7- The prlpe ot , wheat was now ; extremely ) high , and if the hamgfwas a iBte . one . -hedid . n ptbelieveuthe stock of . corn tahnnd would , be sufficlenti . cHe thought ^ S ? :-r \? & ? a » an abundant . harveat , and , moreicorn than thepopnlatton couldi consume , . that , it should'be storfdfor their use . ih . tfmea ^ -of fearcity . ' iin ; : the ; year 1835 corn wa « , only 35 s ! a quarter ' , ' and 2 000 , 000 quartere
of wheat cdn } d b ' s purchaBBd at . that time for £ 3 , 500 , 001 ) . ? 5 ^ 9 S ld WP » . tt | iatthe 8 eRranarle « 8 hould . be under the control of government ., He . would : 1 not . . allow the ao . ??? tO 0 B opened as long , as corn . was , a . t a fair prlce ;> b wh en i r 6 se ^^ 'oo . highfor , theinean 8 , of the people to purchase at the market price , he would propese that these granaries should be opened and the price , of 1 corn kept as . - . le ' yt : l | as posiible , ,. He thought that the ports should be closed ., against the export of , corn to : other countries . , , He had heard that . France had purchased corn here to a large extent within the last few days . > If corn rose so high that the people could not procure -it , he thought It wouU lead to disturbance and social disorganisation ., ... . . , ' .....: ; .-., ¦ :. . !¦ ...., „ i ¦ .
Earl Geetsaid that the " subject . which had teenlin . ' troduced was , too large and comprehensive to be diftpose ' d ^ ofineidentally . And If he did not off ^ r any remarks in reply to the . noble lord , it was . not , ' tobe ; attributed to want of courtesy , ; He woujd only say , that hedidndt fully aRree in the ; noble , lord ' s suggestion , nor ^ dldi he ; differ . from hiii respecting the present alarming ! state of the ceuntry . ,,.. ; ' •; .. r , , ' .,. :,, ... .. , . , . .: .-. <¦ -, <' ,. /??¦! ¦ . The Factom , Bill . —The . Earl of -EH . BSMEBE . iwa ' s sorry , it had not been introduced by a voice more familiar totheirlordships , but he had been solicited foundertake thetask by ,, a numerous body ' -of ! those who were deeply interested in the measure , as also by a noble friend of h | s , ( I « prd Ashley ) , whoae . eornestefforts in its promotion hud been so conspicuous . ( Hear , henr ;)< . He . swas relieved , from , some difficulty , btcausehe was
notoriginatlng any new pHncipla of ilegislatian ,. the ; subject having long been familiar to parliament . . The present measure . had originatedin the feelings and wiibes . of tho -e who contributed by their toil to the welfare ; of the country ; . and it had been wafted up to the legislature ! bj petitions , signer ? by , many . thonsands of . M classes , '; but more ; particularl y ; by the . persons most deeply . interested in Its success jr ^ a very humble class . ' . but who would' not on that : account receive the lesi attention from their 1 ? , ra 8 b ! P 8 . ; ji ( irear , : hear . ) ; -. . vThe bill had received ' -the sanctipn and , a ] Bthority of . philanthropists , ; of : persons ; of every . rejiginus denomination , andhad madeitsway against powerful interestsand still more powerful minds .
, It had . established itielf by the sanction of a considerable portion of the cabinet , and had been sent tp , their lord , ships by a conclusive majority of the other house of parliament ; and ,. taking .. Into consideration-the majority which had jsent'the ' re . and ,: that It had . been sup . ported by the . representatives i ^ of large , constituencieB , including , master . .- ¦ - manufacturers . and operatives , ¦ he thonght he was entitled to aslt their lordships with confidence to receive the bill . He didnot irupbgri the great truths which the professors of the science of political economy had r put forth ion . tb ' e suhjent ; and ... ha , did not consider that the principles of this bill wereat issue with tliose truths ., J ) ne of the
great objects of the bill mas the limitation of the employment of those . wh » , by their age and sex , nature never iutended forsavere labour ; and he believed the ' . lcgislature ' could interfere beneficially and effectively , to prevent this abuse , and should the . necessity ^ arise , punish thoscl who attempted to perpetuate it . ; . ; The entire tendencyofi the system was to inflict severe and excessive toilnon ' . the class of operatives to . which he had just referred .-There was no cessation of their labour ; the motion of theenginej-must be , continuous—it could not rest with-, out loss to the millowner , and . the . consequence was , ; that those who had to , attend on the power loom ; were ! doomed to a state , of the worst species . . of . slavery . ; ' . The ; House of Commons had . deeidedtbat ten hours . should be the limit to which females and young persons . should be allowed to lab pnr . in . faotories : ; the adalt -populationof
tbe , * nu facturm B districts had ; , petitionedto an enor . mouspxtent in fayeur of that : decision , ; ,. and- they waited WJT . wi'h trembling apprehension at their lordships' bar . Ol ?? ¦ $ ¦ , i ' objections urged ; againstithe bill was the diminution of the wages of the operatives ,, and' another reason which had been put forth against it . was the defeat ^ . ' . ^ . raanufactnring interests of this eountry . iniforeign competition . . ,. As to the diminutionof wages . hel ia ^ been in communication with the : parties most deeply interested , and advised [ them tobe prepared for it ; and he believed they were . ready . to abide the consequences . But . he did not think that anything like . the predicted loss would be sustained , either by , the employers or the ; em-P ??^ : ? - The-noble earl proceeded ; to . point out the advahta es , in a moral and material sense , which would result from . the additional time which 1 the operatives
w uI . P ^ when two hojirs more were given ; . to them for mental improvement and physical relaxation . ,, Qne circumstajjce , which would compensate for ; the loss of time / arid wages , ' wastheprevention of the mutilation , of children , which generally occurred in thejlast two .. hours of wearisome |' wqr . k , . andhe understood ., that mne ; tenths ofthe spoil and waste ' jyas occasioned in those last two . hours , ' ; No step similar . to . this , had ever , yet been taken without prophecies of a like nature to . those which were now . made , Jha ^ ' this raea 8 ure wquld result in the , ruin of the manufacturers , and all hcjongihgto them . But they had always , turned out to . be ' false ... This lanRuage was made use of as if they ' still had , , the corn duties , the . enstpms * duties / and the duties on . ' wooli In a matter of th 5 i , k d England must raalje ; the : firststir , ; . ae she did ' w ?^ ' . ^ e ? PA ct to ' . the - slave trade , and other manufiicturinR
, . ¦ countries woold . npt be stow in . following their example , . Then 6 ble eaii then rewl . lenvtny ' correspondence from persons connected . with manufactures in foreign countries , to show thatin Spain , and in other places wjjere the operatiyes only worked five , days in the week . ' aBd were paid for Jh , that , was for . ie | hpursa iday instead of 12 , tjie system worked well ., It thebeneficial results , which , hean hcipated followed . the pasning of ; tibiai ' . measure . hehoped that the justice . and . ' intelligence , of . . England would not forget those Wh ' o ^ hadi introduced , supported , and w . qrked it out . ; and be ' expected tn ? " t it would act as a . warning ' to . master mariutatturers , tha . t they should ; look to . theai . vaiitageof those whom tiiey employed , as well as . to their , own agBrandisemcnt ; l The , " nobla < earlconciuded . by
, moving the secim'd reading of thabill , i expressing his belief Chat their lordships could not adopt a more wise , just , or ucefql course ; both to . th ^ maflte ' r manufacturers , la ? ' bonrers ; and consumers , than : that of making it the law of the land ; ' ¦ ' ¦ ¦ " ;; ^ ;; ' '¦'" , ¦ - " ;• . "'"¦ : ., ¦ ;¦ ,, ¦ ; . ¦ ; ' , ; "' . , ' . " ; , : , lord FEVEKfiHiii , ; in seconding the motion , sald that the operatives of this country ; had for . a . long series . of yeart sought for a Ten Hour *; Bill . ] In ^ eeking . forthat object they never had recourse , t ) violence ' or uhscrupulaus agitation , ' or to any outbreak against their em , Ployers , ' as was Suggested by ' those who , opposed ; this measure . ' They nevcr . ' atany . ofItheir ^ reatjmeetings , crmmltted » single breach 6 f ' the pflace ; " they , on . ' tlic contrary , ' always conducted themselves with ' the utmost
propriety and the most manifest conformity ; ' tp ' th » insti , tutions 1 : - « f this ' ; eountry .. ' They , quietly : and !' peaceabiy passed their ' reBbiu ' tibns ,. and ' drew up ^ hcir petitions v to parlianipnt , asking' them to do' them this act " of justice .-They , in- coiise ^ aence ' , ' deserved , weii ' at thfirlordships ' hands .- ' Ndne but the ill-disposed portion , of the . opera s tives were-against the ' passing of this uu ' aeur ' e'i Euch is , ithbse who preferred that " the ' ' fomaio portion of " their familiM Bhould toil- 'ifed' Wo ( k to ' eark a' 4 anfy ' ' ubsi 6 t : ence-in ' an uhwholeso ' rae atmqVitli 8 re ;\ wliiie ' they ' themselvesisp ^ ni ¦ thei r 'tinie ; iii ttio " gin ' . hpp . ' ^ He " . adm , itted that'the ' questionof wages was one of greatiroporinnce . ; : it hadKEen fully- ' discussed / at all the itieetirigs ' in th e north of ^ England and iji S ' cotjah ' d ; T . ii question ' was put to the operaKveswhfcther ' tb ' ey wouid ' Bubmit to " a reduction
¦ of-wages . In' case such ' shouTcI turii jbut to be thece snlt of the passing " of this ' . measiirej' arid they invariably said they were willing" to ' do so . ' But he : aid " n 6 t beliere th ' atiit ; wouldiea'd to ' ia re ductlbn of wages . " The * operatives would'haVe ' emp loyment ' move ^" constantly and ^ ageadiore - regulaHy ^ knd would not be subjected to ' tiic fldctuations in the amount of labour and wages which ' . tbe / , no « r e ' xu erienced . ' «'' T lii 8 meaJure waW 8 upported by ' men well versed in all matters connected with the work ' ¦ ing of . faofories in thiscountry ; such : as' Mr Fielderi ^ ilr ' Brothertou ; ahd ' Mr Hiridley , who" thought this measulo wasiraught with benefit to the ' operativeS i while they had : noappreheB «( on ' whatever that it would lever a blow ; at ' the master manufacturers of this country . '' ¦' Recollecting ' thatthe legislature ; iii the last two ' or tliree yearsj . had . conferred imaejise benefits on the master ' manufacturers . by the repeal ; of the duties ' on cotton' tin cbrn-lnrid
that a promise had been held out to the operatives of some restriction ' in their 'hour ' s of l ftbbiir-itheir lord . ships were nowbound to -give this ' bill R fa vourable consideration . . B ^ every moti ve of humanity and mo . ralityij of- juitioe ,-benevolence , and patriotism ; they were called , on to agree to'the passing of this billj'h ' e . hoped they would do § o unanimously :-: 1 ! - : ¦ * i ' .. Lord Bbooohah said he wassorry to destroy the unanimity which the noble lord see ' m ' ed'to ahtiefpate . He had \ no doubt , the working clflssei ^ bad ' been'mislctl . in being induced : to ask fora measure-of this natur ' e ; but he hoped to undeceive them in the few remarks he should make as to the operation of inch a mensure on their real interesti . . Kot . on . account of ' the capitalists , ' or . the nianufacturers , but : solely on account of-the' working
men , was he , induced to oppose this bill ; feeling deeply convinced that tbeir-interests , above another ' s , demanded that no interference should be-attempted witli thefree employment . of , tb , eir honest industry . i ( Hear , * ear . ) On th a qu « stion -he tookhlB stand on the ground of pohtical economy ,-only in so far the . principles ef that science were . , identical with the " -: dictates " of ( common sense ; Any man might be taught by common sense that ii ; be received 8 s . for working up 121 bs . of cotton twist , he would only receive 5 s . for lOlbs . ; and iit ' had , indeed , ' been admitted by the noble lord , the mover , of thisbill , that it must cause a . reduction of wages . ' Considering the immense , amount of wealth which was thus iuvolved , the utmost caution was necessary in legislating , as the least false step mi ght be attended with -the most fat « l
cpnsequenceB . It wa » admitted that about thirty-seven millions of our . 1 foreign trade , including silk , cotton , woollen , and flax , or nearly three-fourths of the whole , was concerned ; and yet the promoters of this bill asked the house to deal with this immense interest with the utmost confidence , knowing at the time how iropotsiblt it was for them to predict the coBsequerices of such a measure . . . .. This was a bill , * in fact , to prevent about a million of persons , and all the mills in the country , from working more than tepb ' ouri a day ; or five dwein a
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weekii T »» first consequence of this inevitably would i ? to ^ estroyone-sixth of the traded ( Hear , hiar ' . ) , How could it be otherwise , ' unloVg ' by some eitraorainary . arid unforeseen , ipProvement ^ ' i ' n ' the machinery ; the same quantity of goods would be - ' produced ! in' five ^ sixths of he-t ^ e ( . and the -poor ^ labburers would koVget 5 . ifir ° V * - « (^ ar , hea-. ) No less '" thnn ' . £ hl 1 / nn « Port 8 , > and the' lame pr 6 P ortion of a HnnTIh ^ - ^^ ««** * bnM b ea-iopdfttbnate : reduct on In the wages . ' For the manufactuVWlie cared ^ ffSTte * '** ° « iM ™«« ^** ¦ ¦? % " ^^ ^^ ^* . » ria ' oftheWaiWi But if jou diminish the labourer ' s wacesbv oiie sixth xouwilLalso , takeofffrbm ; ftemaster 'Vrofit ^ moVe 1 hal one : sixth . ;> for it was anascertained factj that ten hours ' work for sixdaysa week . or twelvchours for five davs
wasjnst sumcientto . pny the '' expenses of his establish : ment , tBe wages for the goods manufactured , the cost of machinery , " and the Incldehtal' expenses—so that this bill would not leave thefractibn of a farthing profit to the master and the employer .- —The whole profit of the master arose-from the extra two hours per day , ' or ^ pno day per week , which this ' bill at one "fell swoop' ; went , to clear away and to" deinolish . ( Hear / bear . ) The British manufacturer had ' even now to compete with hisforeign : neighbours , iand hence again a difficult ; . would . byrthis ; measure , be thrown in the way of the British producer . Bat his noble' friend who had moved the second reading of this bill ( the Earl of Eilesmtre ) entertained great and sanguine hope ' s 1 ' tliat forei gn ^ ouritriesjwould follow the example of Qre ' . itBrltain in reducing their-hours of labour , and would " go and do likewise . "
Hefi ( lord-Brougham ) feared those hopes would / no ' tlbe ' realiBed . il He had great doubts-that France , Belgium , Holland ; the Americans , or the Swiss , would follow this exarople . because these nations would see'lhat ' theexample was based upon unsound principles : On tho con . trary this bill held out to foreign manufacturers a strong temptation to them hot to follow the example . Al « adj fXu 5 ? w ^ tbe ^" . tte capital , the p erreetion Pf skUl and the improved machinery of this conntry , but if ( tho . - legislature consented to reduce the " ¦ labouring power , of , ; this , country , would not the foreigner be lemptedtosay , "Oh ! now I see dayllght-now I per . ceive a chance of beating the English in the ' marljetB of the worldj-. if : they i-wUi onl y keep their law '( is it : 1 «' . " The next consideration to which he implored the attention of their lordBhips was , the effect which this measure woulc
produce on tbe moral condition of the people . He believed that there was not a much' more sound maxim in commerce , in humanity ,- and in the contemplation of society , than this—that poverty was the root of many evils—that distress—that uneasiness for food - ^ ' theiscarcity of supply , .. and ; the apprehension ; of that supply ' altogether r failing — that thes ' e' < 'cohsideratipns con . , tinu » lly iin the nilnd were just b ' b unfavourable to the mental as they were to the bodily ^ heal th of those who were subject to them . - He therefore implored their lordships to consider the consequences of reducing " the bul k of tbe . labouring commnnity to' -a state of anxiety and doubt as to the possibility , of obtainiiig the ri . eit day ' s meal for themselves-arid families , to the fears arid alarms consequent upon inability to feed their children , and of the physical degradation to which ' individuals would be
reduced , He believed that whatever tended to relievn the mind and to keep individuals in tolerable circutristances , was the ; parent of sound feelings and of : right principles . ^ -This bill proposed to ' regulate factories en : K » ged in the silk , flax , wool , and cotton trades , embracing . 57 . . per cent , of the labouring classes . The re- ' nialnlng 43 percent . of the labouring pbpulatibri w ? re not engaged in those trades , ' - and ' , ' consequently , ''' ' ' were not affected by this bill , : which' did riot even pretend to : touch them . It ; however ; did touch anil affect thorn tmost severely , becauseits -operation would drive all those who wished to work more than ten hours a day to . ; the occupations which * engaged' the class Tepre-. sente . A , 'i by : ' .. ; . the .-. 48 > per- ' c ' ent . ' : ' portion 9 f the pom . munity . A direct legislative premium was' given to the class : interfered with by' rkis . measure ,
to go to the employments which wcro not assailed by it ; proyisions .- But this was not all ; He was no advocate for restraining machiner ' y— -he was the last to put a limit to invention , or to cramp genius , but still he could not . avoid seeing that every increase in the powers ofimaohinery . displaced $ 0 much labour . ' atid , therefore , he ; must be a bold , man who would support a measure which Jn a . very short spaceof 'time must produce that eff « ct . ';; ( Hear , hear . ); With reBpect to another psint of . viewin which this measure was to he regarded , he wbb convinced that if this bill contemplated the moral in struction , and education of children and' adults' employed' in factories , , itdid not go far enough ; ' : ¦¦* Some said it ought to , be . , an ; eight hours bill--others said ten—a third eleven and a-half—and oneBage man h ^ d cbnten-ied for 11 J ; hours . . .: This , contrariety of opinion didnot tend to
raise a man ' s . respect for his legislation , but he ( Lord Brougham ) strongly felt that if they were to break thrnugh all ; principles—to outrage all rights—to' violate all rules , and to sacrifice the Interests of the labouring classes—in God ' s name letit ^ e ^ onein ' suchV ' way aB to achieve tbe object . To turn to another point for ' conslderation , he believed that the working men themselves had been misled by . the positive assertions made by the agitators of this question , and'b y the ' peremptory statements which had taken possession of their minds / 'Would even his noble friend ( Lord Feversham ) say that there ! T 8 apyi noble-minded , spinner or romantic weaver so anxious . for modern improvement that he would have no objection to loae one . sixth part of the wages he could now earn ? ( Hear , hear . ) - This was a point which the "Bilfttpw ljept . in the dark—they bad never placed befo , re * h . e'n .. the fact that by this measure one-sixth of their wages , would be cut off . . * If this had been stated , he the
k . ' ^ 'y . Crom deputations' he had ' Been thatthey would have retracted their opinions in favour of this' scheme . ( Hear , hear . ) But then he was told that there " was another authority against him in favour of this measure —the . House of . Commons . , It wbb said that this bill ( h . 1 . been sent up to them by a large—an ample niajbrityi ' ^ .. ^ 'Xery ^ same House of Commons which sent up the present bill , by . so large a . majorify , rejeoted a twelve ho . «' bH ! , on , thc 2 nd of March , 1844 , by amiijority of th > e . e » . Jbetnumbers being 186 against , 183 ' for' the bill . Subsequently they rejected the ten hours'bill by a majo- ' Hfr ° . M . 8 ,, tq 181 , so that ; they would have neither a twelve hours' nor a ten hours' bill . Again , on the 13 th of May . ^ hey , rejected precisely the present bill of' ttn hours , by a good working majority of 138 . -In May .-lMe ; another V . chapge came o ' er the spirit ' of their dreams , " for the bill , was rejeoted . by . a . majority ^ ' only 10—the .. . ° . 9 . dforking mnjdrity of 188-having ' dwindled d vt 9 , 10 .:, Had . any circumstance occurred in the
m an » ffl 8 , tq account for this change ' ? ' : They could only k , < ! ! ., ' « . ev . ents . connected in succession , and the reP ^ a , ? , t the corn laws and the great ' conversions which had bean made to . that measure , was the event to which ' he , was Jnqliried to ottribute . the'change ; 'Between' the landed interest , and . the manufacturing interest a great gulph had opened : bitter ieelings were aroused on both ^??» . « wh cl l : Bave . rieo to . such long ' and angry ' dis- ou 88 iqns ,.. thatit would , have . been humane to have ?"« * . . i ? ? W , do wn i . ten hours .: . ( Laughter . ) - ¦¦• ' The la ? , ^^ i > * . ? f . . ere resolved to retaliate for ' the ^^ . f !;' , " . -. repeal ^ -and , . tho .-. present-bill' was sent WJ ? - th m by ,. a large , majority—( henr , hear . ) Was tws the . time , when . , the ,= labourers , ' wero' turned ¦ on t .
? ' i *?! i eniployment ' by . thousands—when there " was famffie ! n . Ireland and , scarcity in England—when' on evtry . part of the compass to which they turned the eye , abroad as well as at home , the storms were gathering ? r' >' l t ' -. i a *? e ? " ' * )? i he ^ was lowering , that the House , of ^ ommons should retrace their steps ; and turn large minorities into large majorities ? ( Hear , ' bear ;) ¦ a i ^ " ° V ^ ^ tim e » ot all others . when a prudent and $ ? $ 'S re S ard % tbe best interests ofthecountry , for the ^ ' eeple of the country—above all ; for the working people , should have prescribed as an imperative duty the "' most ; j-jsluctanee ' . to change its' commercial- ' policy ? ( HeaK'lieaf . ' ji But now , when the poor ratea-w ' cre £ 6 lO 0 p , OJ } pr , aiid lilttly to . be increased by a third orfoufth :
when Ireland was bleeding at every pore , when they ' were ; serid . ing 8 upp ) ie 8 . offbbdand , moiiey ; : to . prsvent staivation ' frb ' mtliiririirig ' thepeopleof that unhappy country , f wl ^ en : tbe . publio , p oace was disturbed ; in , one county in E . ? . , , > iid 01 o . special constables had to > be > sworn in on ' account it food riots—when in other counties- the signs of similar scenes were threatening—was the time tha * yw ( ^ called on ,, without experience , on mere * ?! iK -f-i . ' , PP ^ ssertipn , on aBsumption , on ^ fantasy , ' to pass a measure whioh must affect every working . mnn in , j " c ?^ y '!! ni ' f 9 ur 8 « atbranches of mannfatures . " i ? ?« i the times- were peaceful , if Ireland was restored to plenty . if England and Europe were at . peace , "SiSSH ™ . ?^ «» tbe . sky or in any part of the horizon to disfigure , or to alarm the beholder . he mi h t nvA * nt « na
¦ u ™? -. ? ? Jn J " ^ bein Proposed as an experiment ; . but to bringitforward as an experiment , without waiting till ' Providence had vouchsafed toblecs them with a return of . peace , ^ rosperity , and tfanquilHty , vns nothing lesi than 'to"fly in the face of Providence , ( Hear , hear . ) Many persona were led away by exaggerated accounts of the u ' nhealtbiricBs of tho factories , by glowing pictures of * ? > ha d t il comfortless abodes ,. and wretched fare of ' the | wo ' rkmen . - Now , he felt the samo deep commiseva-^""[ o ' tne'e people , arid his heart was wrung with their toil . 'their scanty food , andwrttcbedabodes ; but amongst al helabouring population of . this country , he had
never seen- a more' desperato picture-of fatigue , of wretcncd and comfortless abodes , than he had seen in th « cottages of the peasantry . ( Hear , hear . ) They who rose at five o ' clock in themorning and , toiled from the risingof the sun till his going down , whose work was of the hardest description , and who we'e exposed to all the vicissitudes ' of the '' sea song , mighti well envy the factory lahourer , who at least knew neither cold nor wet , If theyinterferedlnthocase . of the factory workers , why alstainMn ' ttie case of the steel , filers ' and the workers in brass , those who fr om the time of their ancestor , Tubal Cain ; ' ba ' d been the victim ' s . ' , of trade ? ( Hear hear ) The noble lord moved that the biil be read a second time that day six months .
J" ^ , * " considered that this bill , for which the noble lord who int . pduced it was entiUea to SriSl 3 £ t r 6 UmS ' ^" «« on the highest sympathies of our , nature , whilst the arguments ££ ? d T ^ >™ 0 lV w 3 SK 2 s aerations . Tiewed as abstract and philosophical prin-SuKnd , * ! ^ ° " « 'hat all 1 ' . S he . ivi ^ "Z lhePriD «« P ^ 8 of political economy withai ! i' ^ 0 "t in practice ' but the J had to deal ^ Di- ° 5 lplex 8 tate of society , they were snrm « vSIH prfjud | oe > by miBer y ' and > ice ' andth ° y must therefore deal with things as they found thorn ; tiiey must bend , modify , and temper , rigid rules , , and NnPttbsBBelTyaio the gtaW . of society ^ wHci tb ey
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jiytd . ' It wab ; the . dufy / of ^ a pa ternal . government to in terfere jf they couidpreyent . injur ^ from bring dono to larjf e ^ Bs ' es ; pf .. 8 ooie ^ . Wonld . be " unprqtTOted . ^ ' * l ( Hear 'heaKj' ;' : His noble friend do alt ' with the questionaa if it ' whoiiyirelated to . the adult population ; . factory ctilfdren . were . Vreated ' as mere madhinesI for , making ^^ moiiey ^ and if tii e cupldUy ^ pf ¦ their am p'ioj ' ersi ' or ' ^ tfie . ignorarijeqf , their . parentB ,,, comp * e ) led them to work . niore jthsn ' their age ^ arid strength would juattfy . ' it was t ^ tna ' protee ' tlon ' orsncV . ^ lldreh . . ' . Ifthey desired . toBavo a generation of . Idutifui and " moral ; workmen , ' the . rising gVrieratiori ' rnuBt be ' trajnela . with that view .. ' The nbbl » and learned iord . had sp bien of the condition of the agricultural labourer : he ' . thought . there , was no Comparison
betweenthetwo ; but . thatthe agricultnra } lasqurfcr was in a muih ' hptter condition ; , his work , lay , in . the open . Reid ' s , where h ecpuld , 'inhalethe ^ pure , air and , see the > liglit of heaven , and in his ' OGCupation , he might pause for a . few minute ' s when ho was led . to , do sp ; . but . ths . poyver ' leom inuat . work on , and the ' labour attendiug it must be rcJKuiHr arid' precise —( hear ,, hear)—and therft could ' be riq ' dbiibt that aucli labour . was more debilita * ting . ih ' an when the work ' was varied or some short breBthiiig . timc could be taken .. The noble arid learned lord had said that man inust earn his bread by the sweat of his brow : that might be tri'e / but the Creator , never intendeO that he should do so by . his life-blood , or . by making hin children pass through the fire , not of Moloch * but of ' Mammon . ( Hear , hear . ) , It appeared from a
calculation made by Mr Fletcljer , that the average of lifaam ongst factory . Workmen wa 8 ' somewhat less than onehalf of that of ' other oppratiyes in tlie ' same district , . Butmany of the great nuli- ' p ' wm'rs , who . ' it was said . wtra topa such losers'by the nn asnre , were petitioners in favour of iV , ' . Theyciiuid see but little to apprehend , when they came forward to support sudi a hill ; and as to ' the commerce of the country tieing injured by it , ho was much encouraged when he " lpuk ^ d back arid saw the results ' off the step which had beerijiikon with , regard to . the twelve hours' bill . ' It- appeari-d from a gtatement ^ biade . by one of the ppponciits of the bill tliat since the limitation of the . hours of lrtV . bur to sixtylnine a week , the condition
of the opi- ' rati y e had graduall y improved ; " and , whilst in-1813 he received 8 « " . 4 d ' ptir' week " as wages , in , 1833 the amount was 8 s . lOil .. No less than 922 inill . owneis . had petitioned , ii ^ favpur of tiie till , as Well aa Ihousandiiof the worknSen ' themselves ; and the evils which it sought to cure were ' piiyMcai duterioration arid . inpral degradation . ' . " A mbral ' aiid religious ' r ' tformation npver could be effected amongst the factory workmen under the existing system ) becausu iii youth they were not allowed sufficient time to learn thut which was useful for theiri both " hare arid hereafter . ' . ( ( liettr ) lieiir . ) ; ' . The right rev ' , p ' rela ta concluded by stating that lie most cordially supported ' thebiii . ' : ¦/ ; ;| " : " ,,: ' ¦ ¦ , "" ;' " ' . . ' '
" The Duke of RicnuoHD heartily , concurred iu tha objects " of the bill ; , and vvlieri tbe noble arid learned lord ( Lord Broughnn . ) said that an agricultural labourer at Forty-five was not as stronj ; as one of their lordships at seventy-five , it proved that he knew nothing at allot' the matter . "' Why , he would produce , almost aiiy ' labourer from Sussex wlio should carry every bne . of their lordships ori ' his buck . " ( Much'laughter . ) ' . Th ' e ' agricultural labourer hid gno'd beer to drink ; and if their lordships would repeal thcmalt tax , be ' would have better . ( Laughter . ) . But if the condition of the . agricultural labourer was ever so" bad ^ which was not the ease , that was no reason why they should ' inflict misery and injustice , on tens of thousands of people in tie manufticturo ing districts : ' ( Hear . ) He had always ' entertained the greatest repard' for the intelligent manufacturers of this country , " although he disliked the leaderi of the ' Anti-Corn-law League ; arid he told them that . they would b ' o injured by a repeal bf the ' Corn Laws because it would destroy the borne ' market . ' . : . '' li ¦ ¦
' ' The Earl of Ciarendon belit-ved ' the measuro was calculated to be hurtful to ttibsc for whom it was intended , aSit would deprive / the nbrking ' man ' iof one-sixth of his income . ^ It ' Vouid ^ riot 1 only affect theI " children , but their pa ' re'rits ' , who ' , ' whether maie ^ or female , had a right to wprk for twelve hours a-day if they pleased , All the eviU tirged in'former years for legislative interference no longer existed ; Tke reul duy ' s work now was ' only eleven hours per day ( taking into ' consideration ' the nine hours of Saturday ) , ' the work , after ' all , being of a light , description , and the rooms in which It was performed genc ral ) y comfnrtableand well-veutilated . 'Theholidays aiso ' wer e to " be continued as before ; and the consequence of " sb ' great a reduction in the hour ' s of labour would he ' -a
diminution of one-sixth in the production of the nianiifnctures ofthe country ; he , ' in'fact , ' believed it would be more ''' He could not' but iiidk '' With great alarm at bo great ariincreaso of producf-is , without a corresponding increase in the amount of consuonera , as would be caused by this bill . It would do very well if they were monopolists in the quality arid quuntity of their' manufactures ; but so far from'beiHg ' monopolists , they had at present very area ' t difficulty iri ' coriipeting with very' num ' i-rou 8 and ' pbwerful rivals . ' ' It was said that their business was with the " operatives , and it was said that they . were willirig to give up a certainpp ' rtibn of their wages if . this bill was carried . ' That he did' riot 'think "' to be the cast , but his impression was that the operatives were'labouring under the delusion that if their work was limited to ten
hours , they would , nevertheless , get the twelve hours' " wages . If the principle was a right one , why should they confine it to that ' partlculaKsdrt ' . of ' lab'bur ? Why should they not extend it to every b ' ranah "" bf industry ? He would ask the noble duke opposite whether he was prepared to support amenBure providing that tlib work of agricultural labourers should be limited t ' o'ten , ' or any other number of hour ' s in a day ? : : The Duke of RicriMOND ^ I would support it if it were proved that one-half of . the agricultural labourers died ; from the effects of excessive labour , as was the case -with ! ibe labbur ' ers iri ' " factories . ' ., ( Chews . ) ' "' . ' ¦¦ . ' ; ; l < : "
The Earl of OiABEtiboK—Yes f bnt that was an ' assumption . ' He' thought , that ; the ' noble duke bad not givsn a proper answer to his question , as to whether he would like to have a law passed rendering it penal lor a labourer in thV . harvest' tinie ^ fbr instance , to wbrk . after a certain time iri the day ? He would beg their lordships to consider « hat would be the effect of this bill on the operatives ^ ' They rriust at ceituin ' portions of the year have a ces sation ' o ' f work , and at otht-r times there would be a greatdemarid for labour ; and he would ask them if it were well or just that ' thon they ' should say to those
men that they ; should not earn wages or make " provision / for the time at ' which theyexpected to be idle . He admitted that it was thrir duty and Interest to promote tha comfort' of the labouring ' . classes , but ' their lordships might rely on it that the labouring classes would not receive this ' asaiboon , rior would they be " driven to intellectual- improvement by a ' law which curtailed their wages" ; There was not a man'in either house of parliament who would not wish to be more wise , more religi . oris , or moreiritelle ' ctual , arid yet riot oriYof them- would lose ' one-sixth of his income in order to gain that advantage . ( Hear ; and'laughter . ) : ¦ - >*' ¦ -J ; ;>• r ::- •¦ : ¦ .-
; ' Tiie Bishop ' of OxFOBD ' said'it seeriied to him that' the opposition tq ' ihe ' nj ' otibri ' had been'founded in a very remarkable degree ori a ' number of : uhtrue assertions , lthad been takenforgrautedin the fiistplaco thatthey were running the great risk ' of injuring tho operatives ; and ] ih the-next , that they were going to force on the master manufacturers a measure "Thick would deprive thtm of a great part of their iri ' come ] "Would their lordships recollect that ' prie-third of that body ' bad petitioned their lordships' house iu favour ' of the bill ? ( Hear , hear . ) '¦ It was a mere assumption to say , as was said by the noble earl who had just sat " down , that labourers ' - wages would be sunk one-sixth because , ^ th ' o working ' of factories would be ' sunk 6 ne-fixtli " in ' the week , "¦ "ffhat :
was tbe true view to take' on tho subject ; Instead of being n prohibition of labour , taking the whole year round , it- would be , ' he inairitainqd i ' only ^ a ' provision against a vast deal of uncertainty . '• ' The ' ibng ' period of workingeachday was only ' the . effe ' oVof a great desire on' the part of certairi mnriufactur ' crs ; when an order was made , to 'meet it themselves , ' instead of sharing the benefits with others— . ( hear)—thereb y adding , when the idle time came , 10 the existing commercial' distress ' , instead of keeping up a continuous struin of work by meet , ing the demand beforehand , and ' giving in average rate ' of labour . Their lordships should consider what " n ere the expenses necessary to ' . be gone - ' through before' the manufactured article was completed . ' The first expensewas in the production of theraw ineterial in thec ' ouri ' try in which
it was produced tho next ' . waB in bringing it . over to this country ' ; then ' eame the money to be in vested in the machinery to manufacture it ; and next th » expense of export . The rnariufacturer required in thi ' way to make twenty : four per cerit . attti ' e lowest on th capital invested to pay him- ; lie got ' five per cent , int rest for his money , all the' rest was ' for wear and tear e " machinery , oil , ' coal , light , and gas . It was then on with thefiveper cent , for his ' monuy that they weregbi to , meddle—because in all the reit they diminish " rather than increased the expenses ; then so far fro ^ dojngthemanufacturer a ' direct injury on the who they were only giving him back that which he lost iri t le first instance . , It was said by the noble earl who h be just . sat down , and also by the noble lord opposite th * labou
they were t to puss a measure oh tho strerieth of » delusion which they led the labourers under , that the * would receive twelve hours ' wages for ten hours' wbrkF He puUhat subject before certain operative ^ arid thW answer whioh he received was , that that was the argument of Lord Brougham , and that there wae nothing in ; w or - ^ Sh 0 WCd U ¦ »•«" »<* so whoify * derith ° » " ' an t that thpy had 8 tudie ( 1 and co ^ S I , 1 TT- ; Wb " * *«»'«»«* f # i » wrtb tbequestion whether they were willing to receive lower wages at a reduced amount of time ? From a * return which hehad had made on the subject , it wos clearly evident that the eleven-hour system , which had been already tried * waB a little more profitable than the tl-. irteeea . hour syBtorn . The safety ot the present movement had beea fully determined by the meaBures tak ' cri in the same
direction . All legislation was a continued jntcrferente ' with what was called the freedom of induBtry ; the per- : fection of legislation was to make no needless interference . . , The laws prevented a man from raising a build- ing unsafely , on account of the Injury which might ¦ V--: result to the public ; and , on tlie same SfOund j jaSH Ij ' ' *^* *^ ' : ,., „ , ;? . ought , to be restricted from working their fel ^/ * e ^^ Sj 5 ^^> :-4 l ([ : K eo as to endanger their souls . ( Hear . ) The rB | yora ^^* i ^^ J ?! SWi ; this bill would be attended with great dangerEr&tftw £ > gk »^ ifl | fllS ^ irritate the feelings of the workpeople , and efe ^ Hig ^| 5 gJ to combination against the masters , who , in w ^ if ^^^ v ^ P Ml ™ CT ^ would bo seriously injured by such a result . OTwmffigSyi ^ J ^ Sf binations noiw existed to a certain extent ; a ^ riSSud ^^ - itlllPi ^ M ^ they embrace the whole of the manufacturing p ^ ulWD ^^^\ uU ' ? BSi they would preBent a more formidable aBpectffla ^ S «^^» i ^*("'?| B ' loague that had ever threatened ahoBtile gotSna ^ t ^ V ^^) ' « Bj iu 9 bft rseuit « B ^ cfiaia « ur aanufactwej W ^^^^ , /
Colonial .Anto- Jbm'mtv
Colonial . anto- Jbm ' mtv
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•' ¦ ¦ . ; ¦;;•• UEHr : zEAT . Airo . .. ' .:.,::,. ; : r . Arriralsfrom this colony represent matters-w waeeable . tmo . . ^ Governor Grey ' s aanfrriiatration-as highly popular . ¦ - ¦ ¦ ¦ - ¦ - ¦ ¦¦¦¦¦ ¦ ¦ : •• ¦ ¦ ' .-. ^ .
AUSTRALIA . - New Sotjth ' Wiws . —Sidney paperalo the 10 th of January represent the craiii ^ arveife-to t « above the aTerage . Airinnportant aieefihijr Of electors had been ' held at Gonlhnrn , on the subjectof a retnrn to trans- ' pnrtation . A laree majority . Sedarefl in favour of the abolition of penal settleB » ent 8 thronphout Anstralia and the a 3 jscent regions , but expressed a wish -that cartips condemned for political , military , on "slieht" offenees , might be sent to tbe colonies ar *> xiles . " ' .,. ; .. . 1 Later dates-t < yfte 5 th of Febrnarfhave since come to hand , and reprereBt the coIonyasin-a-flonrisbiBg - slate . The demand for labour was great and increasing . Meefines had been heia « t-var 1 ou 8 places ' to petition eovermnent to exert itself to procure sopplies of labour'by apt- meanR . ,, - . -,,: ¦¦ .
FRANCE . - ,---.: : ¦ - - After all ihe fes that was made respecting the explanations tote demanded ofthe government ; respeeting the chaneesln the ministry , the Whole affair has turned ; orit to'ie mere smoke . . Tbe Mtionol tnrna the whole affair into ridieale— "M . Odilon 'Barrnt questioned M . < 6 nizot as to ihe motives for tDe-ffismissal of tbe-three ministers ; M . 'Gmzot replied that it wa « done because it was the plessare of the'Grown . l ! . T ^ eaveLaplaehesaid it was nbthis ^ tiUi-t ndM . de Girardin replied , aftter / wHJeh the Chamber broke np . AlHhis did net oecnpy an hour . About two thousand pereons went to the Chamber , : abont Iwelve hundred of them for the sake of ^ amnse :
• nient ; - « id amusedtfeywnsthave been , forft ' was ^ ery ' ? rrtH . " , On 5 ? atwrday a petition was presented to the Chamher nf pepaliMorom Jerome Bonaparte « c-Kingof Westphalia , ft is dated Florenoe , the ISth of Annl . and prays that the law weereov bis fasnily-isjvanished from France may be repealed . Tkis petition was , as nsoal , referred to aicoimmttee . M . -Sajou . -fte senior hnissier of the Chamber «> f Peere , died ba Friday . . In . 1582 he . ' wag arrested & Italy with M . de Semonville and M . Maret , and was : canSeed for seVeral years in a fortress by order of She Austrian government . He only regained his liberty when-Maret , Semnnville . ' Camus , - and others , were exchasaed for-lifee daughter of Lewis XVI . ' . : ; . ;
; Political conspiracy is deemed ; to require the vigilant mterposHson of povernment . On- Friday and Saturday « everal . persons were arrested by the police , including M . Considered who has before-time been imnlicated Jo politic * l tronbles / >;; ¦ ' PotrncAt ^ Arrest ? . —The GdzetUdu Trttnmeoux states , that in conseqaence of . some arrests inade in Paris last week , a discovery has been made of a conspiracy in which twelve indiriduafe are implicated , . several of whom had already figured in political trials . ; "The followfcg , " adds the TrOnmumx , " Are the particulars communicated to as by ocular witnesses of the manner in which tbe police discerered the existenee of the plot . Some da ^ s since
Bome . police agents , who were stationed at tie barriets de la Chav&U haririi remarked the Buspieiona appearance of three individual who were entering Park , and one of whom appeared to be the . bearer ef articles which he wished to conceal—required them to enter the guardhouse to . be searched . They refased . The police persisted . ' The others attempted to escape , but after a desperateresistanoa they were secured . The three men were then lodged in the guard-bouse . On one of them was found sevetel articles and papers calculated to compromise hue ; amongst others , a species , of bomb shell of the size of a cannon ball charged with gunpawder , and the we of which they refused to explain . An inquiry was subsequently instituted , and it was proved that those three persons were connected with a secret . association which had for gome time been
watched by the police . Warrants were immediately issued against nine other persons , and they were simultaneously , arrested jn various quarters of the capital . At the residence of the greater number of them , documents' were seised calculated to explain the ; nature of the association , of which the principal members are in the hands of justice . " ; The papers state that the greatest precautions had been adopted at Neuilly for the security of the Kins and of the Royal family . Two battalions of troops of the line ( 1 : 600 men ) , a detachment of 50 horse , and a battalion of the rural national guard , performed duty at the palace during the * day . Sentry boxes were placed at distances of twenty yards round the park , and every , night two companies 1 * picked mien reinforce *! the garrison of the chateau ^ , and patrols of cavalry kept constantly moving rounc ? the Royal residence .
Mosk Poutical Aehesis—A great sensation was created amoag the members assembled in the Saltc ^ es Conferences 9 f ik 9 Qhamkt of Deputies oh Tues-
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_! FBEKcajScisDAi r-A . cincumstance occurred on Friday eaaning ' at . Cljantilly , which was , thegwat suujecMf f onver-jation , among the personages assembled tfaaje for the iraces . , The Jockey Club of Pans had , ; as : usual , raqmsVsefc . aside for their use during thd race week , at which a great number of the members . were assembled . ... On Friday , the game of laiiEquenefc ^ « as ^ played V jiri ^ . CJiu ^ to a great extent , and the winningaof . oneof the players were so ^ tradrdinaryViaS ^ OOf . ( £ 1 , 200 ) , aa ' toieadthe losers to be particularly . watchful .. - . The result was that it was proved beyond a douKtthat the gains , of , the bust pected party wecenot the effect of mere good luck . Itappears that the peraoh . 4 nv . que 8 tion . was dealer , and had expended tfee cards in his hand . One of the 1
gentlemen-present banded ' him' a ' few more caids , ' and ; ie . was recommencing' tb ' . ' deai ; when ho' ias called npon to stop and tocoHnttheeirds in Bis hand . They were fouad to ;; Be fifteen ; , "j ; only handed you seven ,, " said his opponent ; aW the mur- ' der wae out . ; - The dealer was : unable'tb aecouht for theadduuonal Cards , and ifc'ffastheri ascertained that he Had srranged cards coniaealed , vif ( m his person . The money npon ' the table at the ' in 6 mentl which was upwards oflO . OOpf :, wag - given back to ttioae . who had stakes it ; arid ' the ' party at once brpke up . The person ; implicated ; in this discreditable affair is
an officer of the' French Ilussarsi 'is ' the ' . ' son of one of the most celebrated generaW in the French' service , and holds the post of one of tWogkiers d ' ordohndnce to the Kirig : On the day after tuisaiffair ; 'the officer in question appeared at Jihe . ' stag ; hunt , ' but he was ordered off the ground by the Duke de Nemours . On the game evening the' Duke dis Nemoura sent him a message calling upon him to resign his commiaaion as officier d ' ordonriahce , and orders' have been givenVto have his name struck butof the list of the amy / TAt the same time , the Jockey Club' met " and expelled htm . The offender left Paris l ' or Anietica on Tuesday . ¦ •«¦ ¦ ; ¦ «¦ ' - ••;¦ . ' ; - . "' T ¦ ¦" . ¦ ,. ; :. ;• ¦ . ,
LiBERTi of tbb Sbbje ' ct iSFBAKCB . — The . ' following ; i 8 related by the Uriiwrs as an . unqualified act of violence lately conaniitted in the ^ department of the Marce :-i- ' * ' The Marquise de Bauteville was riding in her carriagea short distance from her p , w . n residence , when she was stopped by a brigadier , of genwrmery , who , iii obedience to prdqre which he aid | he had received , obliged her to alight , and . ^ notwithstandmg ahe waa in a suffering state , made her walk after her own carriage three-quarters of a league to the neighbouring town , and there prove her identity . A complaint was laid before M . Chevallier , the Procureur du " Roi ' at MayenneV who would take to notice of it . . The Marquis deHautevillereferred the matter to the . Procureur-Generai ; andresolved t ° H , « t | y ><< ? i ! ? ^ eper of the Seals / and , in default of las interposition , toappeal to the Cham-Der of Depaties ; if the Procureur-Geheral should re- fuge to take measures to repress such uDwarrwiteble a - ttfwte ppon theUberty of tbe subject . "
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Mff 23 , 1817 , ¦ aATa- ^ ' '< S 2 ^ !^™ gE ^ ..- ^^~> .... ^ ^^ 5 * / 1 ====== a = !! i ! y-i . i , mi —mb ^^ .,. . ^ - . —^ .. ^ iaaj ^^*^ .. * ^^
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 22, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1419/page/7/
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